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  • Assessing Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding Concrete
    May 1, 2013

Small issues can become big problems. We take a closer look.

Like a pathologist in the medical world, a concrete petrographer uses microscopes to solve construction materials problems. Petrography is the essential tool for evaluating every kind of concrete issue, such as durability, low strength, freeze-thaw, surface distress, cracking, alkali-aggregate reactions (ASR and ACR), chemical attack, delamination, scaling and fire damage.

CTLGroup employs one of the largest concrete petrography departments in the world, lending our petrographers uncommonly diversified and specialized experience. We solve the tough problems. Small scale features within concrete, mortar, stucco, cast stone, flooring, aggregate and cement can impact large scale structures. From the Berlin Wall to the Alaskan Pipeline to the pavements you walk on every day, it’s no wonder that the Chicago Tribune calls us “CSI:Skokie.”

Lab Tests

Title Brief Description
ASTM C 1324 Examination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar

Quantitative analysis of mortar to determine composition and proportions of constituents. Can be used to determine mortar type and as an aid in evaluating durability problems. Also used to determine condition and composition of historic mortar.

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ASTM C 856 Petrographic Examination of Stucco

Qualitative microscopical examination of portland cement-based, hydrated lime or gypsum material to assess overall composition, condition, and quality. Can potentially establish cause of distress, e.g. debonding, delamination, curing issues, cracking. Can be used in conjunction with ASTM C1324 chemical testing to provide mix proportions of a cementitious stucco mix.

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ASTM C295 Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete

As part of assessing the quality of an aggregate source, ASTM C295 may be required to determine if substances are present in the aggregate that are potentially deleterious to concrete. ASTM C295 qualitatively and quantitatively evaluates sieved aggregate for physical or mineralogical characteristics that may influence its performance in concrete. Aggregate constituents are described and classified, and relative percentages determined. ASTM C295 also can be used to evaluate compliance of the bulk aggregate to local, state, or federal specifications for the project, for the presence and abundance of deleterious materials.

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ASTM C457 Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete, Method A Linear Traverse

The test is a quantitative method that measures the air-void content and other air-void system parameters in hardened concrete. The parameters determined by this procedure are most often related to the susceptibility of the concrete to freezing and thawing damage. Thus, this method can be used to evaluate the potential for damage due to cyclic freezing and thawing of the concrete. The test results can also be used to explain the reason why such damage has occurred in concrete. Additionally, this test method can be used for concrete product and mixture development requiring resistance of the concrete against freezing and thawing damage. Results can also be applied to other situations in which the air content of concrete is in question.

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ASTM C457 Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete, Method B Point Count.

The test is a quantitative method that measures the air-void content and other air-void system parameters in hardened concrete. The parameters determined by this procedure are most often related to the susceptibility of the concrete to freezing and thawing damage. Thus, this method can be used to evaluate the potential for damage due to cyclic freezing and thawing of the concrete. The test results can also be used to explain the reason why such damage has occurred in concrete. Additionally, this test method can be used for concrete product and mixture development requiring resistance of the concrete against freezing and thawing damage. Results can also be applied to other situations in which the air content of concrete is in question.

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ASTM C856 Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete

Qualitative microscopical examination of portland cement-based construction materials to assess overall composition, condition, and quality. Invaluable tool for evaluating concrete distress and construction materials issues, such as: durability, low-strength, alkali-aggregate reactivity (ASR and ACR), freeze-thaw, scaling, delamination, blistering, dusting, fire damage, corrosion of steel reinforcement, chemical attack, sulfate attack, and drying and plastic shrinkage cracking.

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Clinker Burnability and Alkali Volatility Test

To determine the efficiency of chemical combination of raw mix components and/or to determine alkali loss in the clinkering process. Modified FLS method is used, in conjunction with chemical and Microscopic analysis.

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Color Determination by Spectrophotometer

Instrumental measurements of color and color difference are critical to color identification and color matching. Measurements can be used to compare materials exposed to surface/aging treatments, assess color stability, or compare products from different sources or processes.

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Microscopical Examination of Cement and Clinker ONO Method

To evaluate kiln conditions and predict 28-day compressive strength of mortar through microscopic examination of clinker and cement.

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Microscopical Examination of Clinker and Cement

To evaluate cement raw feed composition, fineness, and homogeneity; to assess burning conditions in the cement kiln; to investigate cement performance problems such as setting and strength development.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy - Backscattered Electron Imaging (SEM-BSE) / X-Ray Elemental Analysis (EDX)

Flat polished surfaces of samples are examined and photographed at 40x to 5000x magnifications. SEM-BSE provides images with chemical element contrast revealing different phases. With SEM-BSE in combination with EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), it is also possible to determine elemental composition of various areas of a sample. Elemental mapping of a polished specimen shows relative abundance and distribution of elements. Precise length/thickness measurement can be made. Related testing and services are available to assist in troubleshooting projects.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy ?Secondary Electron Imaging (SEM-SE) / X-Ray Elemental Analysis (EDX)

Samples are viewed and photographed at magnifications of 40x to 10,000x. The SEM-SE is used to identify and photograph submicroscopic features, and/or determine causes of failure. SEM-SE in combination with EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) can also be used to identify unknown materials/deposits, evaluate corrosion products, and analyze surface contamination and staining. Analysis incorporates viewing sample characteristics (general morphology/surface features), photographing, and performing elemental analysis as appropriate.

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